引起COPD的危险因素包括个体易感因素以及环境因素两个方面,两者相互影响。
一、个体因素
蛋白酶-抗蛋白酶失衡:某些遗传因素可增加COPD发病的危险性。已知的遗传因素为α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏。重度α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏与非吸烟者的肺气肿形成有关。在我国α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏引起的肺气肿迄今尚未见正式报道。支气管哮喘和气道高反应性是COPD的危险因素,气道高反应性可能与机体某些基因和环境因素有关。
氧化应激。
炎症机制。
二、环境因素
1.吸烟:吸烟为COPD重要发病因素。吸烟者肺功能的异常率较高,FEV1的年下降率较快,吸烟者死于COPD的人数较非吸烟者为多。被动吸烟也可能导致呼吸道症状以及COPD的发生。孕期妇女吸烟可能会影响胎儿肺脏的生长及在子宫内的发育,并对胎儿的免疫系统功能有一定影响。
2.职业性粉尘和化学物质:当职业性粉尘及化学物质(烟雾、过敏原、工业废气及室内空气污染等)的浓度过大或接触时间过久,均可导致与吸烟无关的COPD发生。接触某些特殊的物质、刺激性物质、有机粉尘及过敏原能使气道反应性增加。
3.空气污染:化学气体如氯、氧化氮、二氧化硫等,对支气管黏膜有刺激和细胞毒性作用。空气中的烟尘或二氧化硫明显增加时,COPD急性发作显著增多。其他粉尘如二氧化硅、煤尘、棉尘、蔗尘等也刺激支气管黏膜,使气道清除功能遭受损害,为细 菌入侵创造条件。烹调时产生的大量油烟和生物燃料产生的烟尘与COPD发病有关,生物燃料所产生的室内空气污染可能与吸烟具有协同作用。
4.感染:呼吸道感染是COPD发病和加剧的另一个重要因素,肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌可能为COPD急性发作的主要病原菌。病毒也对COPD的发生和发展起作用。儿童期重度下呼吸道感染和成年时的肺功能降低及呼吸系统症状发生有关。
5.社会经济地位:COPD的发病与患者社会经济地位相关。这也许与室内外空气污染的程度不同、营养状况或其他和社会经济地位等差异有一定内在的联系。
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Let me suggest the job interview:
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