一、治疗目的
1.减轻症状,阻止病情发展。
2.缓解或阻止肺功能下降。
3.改善活动能力,提高生活质量。
4.降低病死率。
二、教育与管理
通过教育与管理可以提高患者及有关人员对COPD的认识和自身处理疾病的能力,更好的配合治疗和加强预防措施,减少反复加重,维持病情稳定,提高生活质量。主要内容包括:(1)教育与督促患者戒烟,迄今能证明有效延缓肺功能进行性下降的措施仅有戒烟;(2)使患者了解COPD的病理生理与临床基础知识;(3)掌握一般和某些特殊的治疗方法;(4)学会自我控制病情的技巧,如腹式呼吸及缩唇呼吸锻炼等;(5)了解赴医院就诊的时机;(6)社区医生定期随访管理。
三、控制职业性或环境污染
避免或防止粉尘、烟雾及有害气体吸入。
四、药物治疗
药物治疗用于预防和控制症状,减少急性加重的频率和严重程度,提高运动耐力和生活质量。根据疾病的严重程度,逐步增加治疗,如果没有出现明显的药物不良反应或病情的恶化,应在同一水平维持长期的规律治疗。根据患者对治疗的反应及时调整治疗方案。
1.支气管舒张剂:支气管舒张剂可松弛支气管平滑肌、扩张支气管、缓解气流受限,是控制COPD症状的主要治疗措施。短期按需应用可缓解症状,长期规则应用可预防和减轻症状,增加运动耐力,但不能使所有患者的FEV1都得到改善。与口服药物相比,吸入剂不良反应小,因此多首选吸入治疗。
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