1.症状
慢性咳嗽:通常为首发症状。初起咳嗽呈间歇性,早晨较重,以后早晚或整日均有咳嗽,但夜间咳嗽并不显著。少数病例咳嗽不伴咳痰。也有部分病例虽有明显气流受限但无咳嗽症状。(2)咳痰:咳嗽后通常咳少量黏液性痰,部分患者在清晨较多;合并感染时痰量增多,常有脓性痰。(3)气短或呼吸困难:这是COPD的标志性症状,是使患者焦虑不安的主要原因,早期仅于劳力时出现,后逐渐加重,以致日常活动甚至休息时也感气短。(4)喘息和胸闷:不是COPD的特异性症状。部分患者特别是重度患者有喘息;胸部紧闷感通常于劳力后发生,与呼吸费力、肋间肌等容性收缩有关。(5)全身性症状:在疾病的临床过程中,特别在较重患者,可能会发生全身性症状,如体重下降、食欲减退、外周肌肉萎缩和功能障碍、精神抑郁和(或)焦虑等。合并感染时可咳血痰或咯血。
2.病史特征
COPD患病过程应有以下特征:(1)吸烟史:多有长期较大量吸烟史。(2)职业性或环境有害物质接触史:如较长期粉尘、烟雾、有害颗粒或有害气体接触史。(3)家族史:COPD有家族聚集倾向。(4)发病年龄及好发季节:多于中年以后发病,症状好发于秋冬寒冷季节,常有反复呼吸道感染及急性加重史。随病情进展,急性加重愈渐频繁。(5)慢性肺原性心脏病史:COPD后期出现低氧血症和(或)高碳酸血症,可并发慢性肺原性心脏病和右心衰竭。
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